Stereoscopy software

Because the Pulfrich effect depends on motion in a particular direction to instigate the illusion of depth, it is not useful as a general stereoscopic technique. For example, it cannot be used to show a stationary object apparently extending into or out of the screen; similarly, objects moving vertically will not be seen as moving in depth.

Incidental movement of objects will create spurious artifacts, and these incidental effects will be seen as artificial depth not related to actual depth in the scene. Stereoscopic viewing is achieved by placing an image pair one above one another. The most common one with mirrors is the View Magic. Another with prismatic glasses is the KMQ viewer.

Autostereoscopic display technologies use optical components in the display, rather than worn by the user, to enable each eye to see a different image. Because headgear is not required, it is also called "glasses-free 3D". The optics split the images directionally into the viewer's eyes, so the display viewing geometry requires limited head positions that will achieve the stereoscopic effect.

Automultiscopic displays provide multiple views of the same scene, rather than just two. Each view is visible from a different range of positions in front of the display. This allows the viewer to move left-right in front of the display and see the correct view from any position. The technology includes two broad classes of displays: those that use head-tracking to ensure that each of the viewer's two eyes sees a different image on the screen, and those that display multiple views so that the display does not need to know where the viewers' eyes are directed.

Examples of autostereoscopic displays technology include lenticular lens , parallax barrier , volumetric display , holography and light field displays. Laser holography, in its original "pure" form of the photographic transmission hologram , is the only technology yet created which can reproduce an object or scene with such complete realism that the reproduction is visually indistinguishable from the original, given the original lighting conditions.

The eye differentially focuses objects at different distances and subject detail is preserved down to the microscopic level. The effect is exactly like looking through a window.

Unfortunately, this "pure" form requires the subject to be laser-lit and completely motionless—to within a minor fraction of the wavelength of light—during the photographic exposure, and laser light must be used to properly view the results. Most people have never seen a laser-lit transmission hologram.

The types of holograms commonly encountered have seriously compromised image quality so that ordinary white light can be used for viewing, and non-holographic intermediate imaging processes are almost always resorted to, as an alternative to using powerful and hazardous pulsed lasers, when living subjects are photographed.

Although the original photographic processes have proven impractical for general use, the combination of computer-generated holograms CGH and optoelectronic holographic displays, both under development for many years, has the potential to transform the half-century-old pipe dream of holographic 3D television into a reality; so far, however, the large amount of calculation required to generate just one detailed hologram, and the huge bandwidth required to transmit a stream of them, have confined this technology to the research laboratory.

In , a Silicon valley Company LEIA Inc started manufacturing holographic displays well suited for mobile devices watches, smartphones or tablets using a multi-directional backlight and allowing a wide full- parallax angle view to see 3D content without the need of glasses.

Volumetric displays use some physical mechanism to display points of light within a volume. Such displays use voxels instead of pixels. Volumetric displays include multiplanar displays, which have multiple display planes stacked up, and rotating panel displays, where a rotating panel sweeps out a volume. Other technologies have been developed to project light dots in the air above a device.

An infrared laser is focused on the destination in space, generating a small bubble of plasma which emits visible light. Integral imaging is a technique for producing 3D displays which are both autostereoscopic and multiscopic , meaning that the 3D image is viewed without the use of special glasses and different aspects are seen when it is viewed from positions that differ either horizontally or vertically.

This is achieved by using an array of microlenses akin to a lenticular lens , but an X—Y or "fly's eye" array in which each lenslet typically forms its own image of the scene without assistance from a larger objective lens or pinholes to capture and display the scene as a 4D light field , producing stereoscopic images that exhibit realistic alterations of parallax and perspective when the viewer moves left, right, up, down, closer, or farther away.

Wiggle stereoscopy is an image display technique achieved by quickly alternating display of left and right sides of a stereogram. Found in animated GIF format on the web. Online examples are visible in the New-York Public Library stereogram collection. The technique is also known as "Piku-Piku". For general purpose stereo photography, where the goal is to duplicate natural human vision and give a visual impression as close as possible to actually being there, the correct baseline distance between where the right and left images are taken would be the same as the distance between the eyes.

This could be described as "ortho stereo. However, there are situations in which it might be desirable to use a longer or shorter baseline. The factors to consider include the viewing method to be used and the goal in taking the picture. The concept of baseline also applies to other branches of stereography, such as stereo drawings and computer generated stereo images, but it involves the point of view chosen rather than actual physical separation of cameras or lenses.

The concept of the stereo window is always important, since the window is the stereoscopic image of the external boundaries of left and right views constituting the stereoscopic image. If any object, which is cut off by lateral sides of the window, is placed in front of it, an effect results that is unnatural and is undesirable, this is called a "window violation". This can best be understood by returning to the analogy of an actual physical window.

Therefore, there is a contradiction between two different depth cues: some elements of the image are hidden by the window, so that the window appears as closer than these elements, and the same elements of the image appear as closer than the window. So that the stereo window must always be adjusted to avoid window violations. Some objects can be seen in front of the window, as far as they don't reach the lateral sides of the window.

But these objects can not be seen as too close, since there is always a limit of the parallax range for comfortable viewing. If a scene is viewed through a window the entire scene would normally be behind the window, if the scene is distant, it would be some distance behind the window, if it is nearby, it would appear to be just beyond the window. An object smaller than the window itself could even go through the window and appear partially or completely in front of it.

The same applies to a part of a larger object that is smaller than the window. The goal of setting the stereo window is to duplicate this effect. Therefore, the location of the window versus the whole of the image must be adjusted so that most of the image is seen beyond the window. In the case of viewing on a 3D TV set, it is easier to place the window in front of the image, and to let the window in the plane of the screen. On the contrary, in the case of projection on a much larger screen, it is much better to set the window in front of the screen it is called "floating window" , for instance so that it is viewed about two meters away by the viewers sit in the first row.

Therefore, these people will normally see tha background of the image at the infinite. Of course the viewers seated beyond will see the window more remote, but if the image is made in normal conditions, so that the first row viewers see this background at the infinite, the other viewers, seated behind, will also see this background at the infinite, since the parallax of this background is equal to the average human interocular. The entire scene, including the window, can be moved backwards or forwards in depth, by horizontally sliding the left and right eye views relative to each other.

Moving either or both images away from the center will bring the whole scene away from the viewer, whereas moving either or both images toward the center will move the whole scene toward the viewer. This is possible, for instance, if two projectors are used for this projection. The edges of the stereo frame can be straight or curved and, when viewed in 3D, can flow toward or away from the viewer and through the scene.

These designed stereo frames can help emphasize certain elements in the stereo image or can be an artistic component of the stereo image. While stereoscopic images have typically been used for amusement, including stereographic cards , 3D films , stereoscopic video games , printings using anaglyph and pictures, posters and books of autostereograms , there are also other uses of this technology.

In the 19th Century, it was realized that stereoscopic images provided an opportunity for people to experience places and things far away, and many tour sets were produced, and books were published allowing people to learn about geography, science, history, and other subjects. The Mars Exploration Rovers , launched by NASA in to explore the surface of Mars , are equipped with unique cameras that allow researchers to view stereoscopic images of the surface of Mars.

The two cameras that make up each rover's Pancam are situated 1. This allows the image pairs to be made into scientifically useful stereoscopic images, which can be viewed as stereograms, anaglyphs, or processed into 3D computer images. The ability to create realistic 3D images from a pair of cameras at roughly human-height gives researchers increased insight as to the nature of the landscapes being viewed.

In environments without hazy atmospheres or familiar landmarks, humans rely on stereoscopic clues to judge distance. Single camera viewpoints are therefore more difficult to interpret. Multiple camera stereoscopic systems like the Pancam address this problem with unmanned space exploration. Stereogram cards and vectographs are used by optometrists , ophthalmologists , orthoptists and vision therapists in the diagnosis and treatment of binocular vision and accommodative disorders.

Stereopair photographs provided a way for 3-dimensional 3D visualisations of aerial photographs ; since about , 3D aerial views are mainly based on digital stereo imaging technologies. One issue related to stereo images is the amount of disk space needed to save such files.

Indeed, a stereo image usually requires double of the space of a normal image. Recently, computer vision scientists tried to find techniques to attack the visual redundancy of stereopairs with the aim to define compressed version of stereopair files. The same technique can also be applied to any mathematical or scientific, or engineering parameter that is a function of two variables, although in these cases it is more common for a three-dimensional effect to be created using a 'distorted' mesh or shading as if from a distant light source.

There is a list of all authors in Wikipedia. Login Email Address. Sign In. Remember Me. Forgot Password? Top Links. Social Share. Perspective is often confused with 3D - which is not quite true, because the third dimension Depth is only "simulated".

Stereoscopic imaging or "real 3D" , however, requires a minimum of two pictures, simulating our two eyes. This can either be accomplished by using traditional photography stereo photography , computers for example Virtual Reality or Lasers Holography. Other formats include anaglyph pictures requiring red-green or red-blue 3D-Glasses and digital stereo projection either with "passive" polarized 3D glasses or with "active" LCD Shutter glasses. You have never tried to create 3D pictures? No problem: it's simple and we show you how to get started!

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System Requirements Minimum Your device must meet all minimum requirements to open this product Architecture x86 Notes HoloLens Emulator will require pair of anaglyph glasses. Recommended Your device should meet these requirements for the best experience Architecture x86 Notes HoloLens. Emulator will require pair of anaglyph glasses.